Understanding the Past Participle
2020-09-11
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1Every language has its own way of saying something happened in the past, is happening now or will happen in the future.
2As you know, English does this through verb tenses.
3Most English tenses use a word form called a "participle."
4There are present participles and past participles.
5Take the statement "I have been to Atlanta."
6It uses "been," which is the past participle of the verb "be."
7In addition to forming verb tenses, the past participle can form two other things.
8One is the passive voice and the other is adjectives.
9On today's program, I will talk about all three of these.
10By now in your English studies, you have heard and seen the past participle countless times.
11You just may not have known what it was called.
12In fact, I used it a few times in this paragraph alone.
13The past participle is everywhere so let me begin with a quick discussion about recognizing it.
14You probably know that the past tense of a regular verb ends in -ed, as in "I talked to my friend."
15For regular verbs, the past participle also ends in -ed.
16In other words, it is identical, as in "I have talked to her about my plans."
17Most English verbs are regular, so most of their past participles are identical to the past tense.
18But for irregular verbs, the past participles and past tenses are not the same.
19Think of the verb "take" as an example.
20Its past tense is "took," as in "I took my mother to the park."
21The past participle is "taken," as in "She has taken that flight many times."
22OK, now let's get into today's subject: the three uses for past participles.
23The first we will look at is perfect verb tenses.
24As a reminder, a perfect tense is one that puts some form of the verb "have" before its main verb.
25Take one of my examples again:
26She has taken that flight many times.
27I used the present perfect tense, which is have or has + past participle.
28Knowing the name of this or other verb tenses is not important for today's lesson.
29The thing to remember is this: All perfect tenses in English include the past participle.
30Listen for it in this next example:
31She had studied English before moving to the U.S.
32The speaker used the past participle "studied" as part of the past perfect verb "had studied."
33Again, do not worry if you do not know the names of these verb tenses.
34Simply note that they are perfect tenses and perfect tenses use past participles.
35Next, let's talk about the passive voice - the second use for the past participle.
36Here is a quick refresher:
37In most sentences in English, the subject performs the action of the verb.
38Take the example "You called a friend."
39The subject is "You" and the subject performs the action "called."
40But sometimes the subject is acted upon or receives the action of the verb.
41This is called the passive voice.
42Imagine that someone steals your bike.
43You could say, "My bike was stolen."
44There is no mention of the person because you do not know who did it.
45We can use passive voice when we do not know who or what performed the action or when identifying the performer is not important.
46In English, the most basic passive voice is formed with be + past participle.
47Let's examine the bike example:
48My bike was stolen.
49Here, the verb "be" appears in the past tense "was."
50And "stolen" is the past participle of "steal."
51Listen for be + past participle in this next example:
52The dish is cooked over an open fire.
53Here, the verb "be" is in the present tense "is." "Cook" is a regular verb, so its past participle is "cooked."
54And, finally, we turn to adjectives - the third use for past participles.
55Only some past participles can be used as adjectives.
56These adjectives are a little different from normal ones because they generally describe how someone feels.
57The adjective "bored" is a good example.
58If you wanted to describe this feeling in a group of children, you could say this:
59The children are bored.
60Notice that the adjective comes after the linking verb "be."
61You can learn more about linking verbs on earlier programs.
62Now, suppose these same children begin to misbehave.
63You could say this:
64The bored children are getting into trouble.
65Here, the speaker put the adjective "bored" before the noun "children."
66When past participles act as adjectives, they appear in the same places as normal adjectives - after linking verbs and before nouns.
67But, note again that these kinds of adjectives describe a person or people's feelings.
68And that's Everyday Grammar for this week.
69I'm Alice Bryant.
1Every language has its own way of saying something happened in the past, is happening now or will happen in the future. As you know, English does this through verb tenses. 2Most English tenses use a word form called a "participle." There are present participles and past participles. Take the statement "I have been to Atlanta." It uses "been," which is the past participle of the verb "be." 3In addition to forming verb tenses, the past participle can form two other things. One is the passive voice and the other is adjectives. On today's program, I will talk about all three of these. 4Recognize past participles 5By now in your English studies, you have heard and seen the past participle countless times. You just may not have known what it was called. In fact, I used it a few times in this paragraph alone. 6The past participle is everywhere so let me begin with a quick discussion about recognizing it. 7You probably know that the past tense of a regular verb ends in -ed, as in "I talked to my friend." For regular verbs, the past participle also ends in -ed. In other words, it is identical, as in "I have talked to her about my plans." 8Most English verbs are regular, so most of their past participles are identical to the past tense. 9But for irregular verbs, the past participles and past tenses are not the same. Think of the verb "take" as an example. Its past tense is "took," as in "I took my mother to the park." The past participle is "taken," as in "She has taken that flight many times." 10The perfect tenses 11OK, now let's get into today's subject: the three uses for past participles. 12The first we will look at is perfect verb tenses. 13As a reminder, a perfect tense is one that puts some form of the verb "have" before its main verb. Take one of my examples again: 14She has taken that flight many times. 15I used the present perfect tense, which is have or has + past participle. 16Knowing the name of this or other verb tenses is not important for today's lesson. The thing to remember is this: All perfect tenses in English include the past participle. 17Listen for it in this next example: 18She had studied English before moving to the U.S. 19The speaker used the past participle "studied" as part of the past perfect verb "had studied." 20Again, do not worry if you do not know the names of these verb tenses. Simply note that they are perfect tenses and perfect tenses use past participles. 21The passive voice 22Next, let's talk about the passive voice - the second use for the past participle. 23Here is a quick refresher: 24In most sentences in English, the subject performs the action of the verb. Take the example "You called a friend." The subject is "You" and the subject performs the action "called." 25But sometimes the subject is acted upon or receives the action of the verb. This is called the passive voice. Imagine that someone steals your bike. You could say, "My bike was stolen." There is no mention of the person because you do not know who did it. 26We can use passive voice when we do not know who or what performed the action or when identifying the performer is not important. 27In English, the most basic passive voice is formed with be + past participle. Let's examine the bike example: 28My bike was stolen. 29Here, the verb "be" appears in the past tense "was." And "stolen" is the past participle of "steal." 30Listen for be + past participle in this next example: 31The dish is cooked over an open fire. 32Here, the verb "be" is in the present tense "is." "Cook" is a regular verb, so its past participle is "cooked." 33Use as adjectives 34And, finally, we turn to adjectives - the third use for past participles. 35Only some past participles can be used as adjectives. These adjectives are a little different from normal ones because they generally describe how someone feels. 36The adjective "bored" is a good example. If you wanted to describe this feeling in a group of children, you could say this: 37The children are bored. 38Notice that the adjective comes after the linking verb "be." You can learn more about linking verbs on earlier programs. 39Now, suppose these same children begin to misbehave. You could say this: 40The bored children are getting into trouble. 41Here, the speaker put the adjective "bored" before the noun "children." 42When past participles act as adjectives, they appear in the same places as normal adjectives - after linking verbs and before nouns. But, note again that these kinds of adjectives describe a person or people's feelings. 43And that's Everyday Grammar for this week. 44I'm Alice Bryant. 45Alice Bryant wrote this story for Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor. 46________________________________________________________________ 47Words in This Story 48tense - n. a form of a verb that is used to show when an action happened 49passive voice - n. a way of writing or speaking that uses passive verbs 50paragraph - n. a part of a piece of writing that usually that begins on a new line and often is made up of a few sentences 51regular - adj. following the normal patterns by which word forms 52identical - adj. exactly the same 53mention - n. to talk about, write about, or refer to something or someone, especially in a brief way 54dish - n. food that is prepared in a particular way 55bored - adj. tired and annoyed you are unoccupied or do not have interest in your current activity. 56linking verb - n. a verb (such as be, appear or become) that connects a subject with an adjective or noun that describes or identifies the subject 57___________________________________________________________ 58Now, you try it! Find a few past participles in my story that were not used in any of the examples. Write your answers in the comments section. 59Example: By now in your English studies, you have heard and seen the past participle countless times. 60________________________________________________________________ 61Some English learners -- and native English speakers -- mistake the past tense with the past participle. 62For example, they may use the past participle when they are supposed to use the simple past, as in, "I seen the full moon." Or, they may use the past tense when they are supposed to use the past participle, as in, "I should have went to the store." 63These mistakes generally only happen with irregular verbs since, again, the past tense and past participle of regular verbs are identical. They both end in -ed.